Processing information and solving problems
Children and young people use their brains to take in information and solve problems. These mental skills are called cognitive abilities.
They help children learn, understand, remember and make decisions. Cognitive abilities work together to help children make sense of the world and cope with everyday life.
Key parts of cognitive ability
Cognitive ability includes:
- memory – storing and recalling information
- attention – focusing on tasks or things around them
- perception – making sense of what they see, hear, feel or smell
- reasoning – understanding and drawing conclusions
- problem-solving – finding answers to difficult questions or tasks
- language skills – using and understanding words
- processing speed – how quickly they take in and use information
Children may have different levels of ability in each area. These can change as they grow and develop.
How cognitive ability develops
Cognitive development is how a child’s brain grows and changes over time. This can be affected by:
- genetics
- education
- lifestyle
- life events
- the environment they live in
The brain can also change and adapt through learning and experience. This is called neuroplasticity.
If a child’s development is slower than expected, they may need extra support or different ways of learning. With the right help, many children can catch up and take part in everyday life.
Supporting children with processing and problem-solving
If a child finds it hard to process information or solve problems, these strategies may help:
- give extra time – remove time pressure so they can think clearly
- break tasks into small steps – make things easier to manage
- use simple language – give one or two instructions at a time
- use memory aids – try lists, pictures, calendars or audio recordings
- support overlearning – repeat tasks to help them remember
- model tasks – show them how to do something before they try
- include breaks – allow time to rest during learning or tasks
- regulate emotions and energy levels - allow quiet time or sensory activities
- check understanding – ask them to repeat instructions in their own words
- use pacing during activities – set a timer for short tasks followed by a break
- encourage new experiences – help build skills and maintain curiosity
- link tasks to interests – this can help them stay focused
Online support for more guidance and advice.
Cognitive Developmental Milestones: From Birth to Five Years on the Verywell Mind website.